| Advance regeneration |
Young trees under existing stands capable of becoming the next crop. Regeneration established before logging that has survived the logging operation. |
Régénération préexistante |
| All-aged |
Of a forest, crop, or stand that contains trees of all, or almost all, age classes, including those of exploitable age. |
De tous âges |
| Anthropogenic emission |
Emission caused by human activities (for example, burning fossil fuels or setting fires to clear forest land for agricultural purposes). |
Émission anthropique |
| Area ignition |
The setting of a number of individual fires throughout an area, either simultaneously or in quick succession, and so spaced that they soon coalesce, influence, and support each other to produce a hot, fast-spreading fire throughout the area. |
Allumage de zone |
| Area regenerating |
Includes areas that have been harvested recently (less than 10 years ago), and areas depleted by such natural disturbances as fire, insects and disease. |
Superficie en régénération |
| Artificial regeneration |
Renewal of a tree crop by direct seeding or by planting seedlings or cuttings. |
Régénération artificielle |
| Auger planting |
Setting plants in loosened soil replaced in or brought to a dug hole using an auger. |
Plantation à la tarière |
| Ball planting |
Setting out trees with their roots left undisturbed in a dug-out clod of soil. Note: if trees are bare-rooted, and roots are enclosed in a rough ball of soil, they are properly termed balled. |
Plantation en mottes |
| Basket planting |
Setting out young trees, etc., in loosely-woven baskets in which they have been raised from seed or to which they have been transferred from the seed bed. |
Plantation en paniers |
| Blowdown |
Tree or trees felled or broken off by wind, snow, ice or age. |
Chablis |
| Boreal forest |
One of three main forest zones in the world (see also tropical forest, temperate forest) located in northern regions and is characterized by the predominance of conifers (such as pine, spruce, larch and fir) and some deciduous (such as poplar and birch). The boreal forest (singular) is a colloquial term often used to refer to the overall forested area within the boreal zone, and sometimes to refer to the boreal zone itself because forests dominate this landscape. Boreal forests (plural) is the preferred term for the forested areas within the boreal zone. |
Forêt boréale |
| Broadcast burning |
Allowing a controlled fire to burn over a designated area within well-defined boundaries, for reduction of fuel hazard, as a silvicultural treatment, or both. |
Brûlage extensif |
| Bullet planting |
Setting out young trees grown in bullet-shaped rigid plastic tubes, which are injected into the ground by a spring-loaded gun, sometimes into prepared holes. |
Plantation en cartouches |
| Carbon |
A chemical element highly abundant in nature and easily capable of forming polymers. Its unique properties make carbon the chemical basis of all biological compounds—and therefore, the chemical basis of life. Carbon is incorporated into biological processes and biomass mainly through plant photosynthesis. (See also carbon dioxide.)
|
Carbone |
| Carbon dioxide (CO2) |
A colourless, odourless, non-combustible gas. Humans and all other living organisms give off carbon dioxide in respiration and decomposition. Trees and other plants absorb it and use it during photosynthesis. CO2 also emitted as a by-product of burning fossil fuels. |
Dioxyde de carbone (CO2) |
| Carbon sequestration |
The uptake and storage of carbon. Trees and plants, for example, absorb carbon dioxide, release the oxygen and store the carbon. Fossil fuels were at one time biomass and continue to store the carbon until burned. |
Piégeage de carbone |
| Carbon sink |
A carbon reservoir that absorbs and stores carbon from another part of the carbon cycle. A sink stores more carbon than it emits to the atmosphere. This store of carbon can also be termed a reservoir or pool. Although a growing forest can be considered a carbon sink, when the forest stops growing and its trees die and start decomposing, it becomes a carbon source, because it emits more carbon than it stores. |
Puits de carbone |
| Coarse woody debris |
The standing and downed dead wood in a forest. |
Débris ligneux grossier |
| Commercial forest |
Forest land that is able to grow commercial timber within an acceptable time frame and is designated for such a purpose. |
Forêt d'intérêt commercial |
| Continuous boreal forest |
Main subarea of the vast boreal zone, which is characterized by relatively dense stands containing primarily boreal coniferous species and shade-intolerant deciduous trees. |
Forêt boréale continue |
| Contour planting |
Setting out of young trees along a contour line. |
Plantation en bandes de niveau |
| Corridor planting |
Setting trees in parallel rows, generally at regular intervals between and in lines, on land either wholly or partially cleared. |
Plantation en lignes |
| Crop |
The harvestable vegetation growing on a forest area, more particularly the major woody growth forming the forest crop. |
Peuplement forestier |
| Crown fire |
A fire that advances through the crown fuel layer, the upper part of the tree bearing live branches and foliage. |
Feu de cime |
| Decay |
Decomposition of wood caused by micro-organisms, mostly fungi. The wood generally becomes soft and crumbly, loses density and changes colour. |
Carie |
| Desiccation |
Process of becoming dried out. |
Dessiccation |
| Dibble planting |
Sowing seeds or setting out seedlings in rough holes made with a stick or peg. Also termed dibbling if done with a specially adapted tool such as a dibble. |
Plantation au bâton |
| Duff layer |
A general term referring to the litter and humus layers of the forest floor. |
Litière |
| Emissions |
Waste substances released into the air or water. |
Émissions |
| Even-aged |
Of a forest, stand, or forest type in which relatively small age differences exist between individual trees. The differences in age permitted are usually 10 to 20 years. |
Équienne |
| Even-aged (forest) |
A forest stand or type in which relatively small age differences exist between individual trees (usually 10–20 years). |
Équienne (forêt) |
| Fire hazard reduction |
Any treatment of fuels that reduces the threat of ignition and spread of fire. |
Réduction du risque d’incendie |
| Fire weather index |
The fire weather index (FWI) is part of an approach that Canadian meteorologists use to estimate the wildfire risk in forest regions. Calculation of the index components is based on consecutive daily observations of temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and 24-hour rainfall. |
Indice forêt-météo |
| Forest |
Ecosystem that generally covers a large area and is composed of woody vegetation dominated by trees growing in a relatively dense pattern. |
Forêt |
| Forest |
Ecology: Generally, an ecosystem characterized by a more or less dense and extensive tree cover. More particularly, a plant community predominantly of trees and other woody vegetation, growing more or less closely together. |
Forêt |
| Forest practices |
Any activities that enhance or recover forest growth or harvest yield (e.g., site preparation, planting, thinning, fertilizing, harvesting, etc.), and road construction or reconstruction within forest lands. |
Pratiques forestières |
| Forestry |
Generally, a profession embracing the science, business, and art of creating, conserving, and managing forests and forest lands for the continuing use of their resources, material or other. |
Foresterie |
| Forestry practices |
Any activity that is carried out on forest land to facilitate the use of forest resources, including, but not limited to, timber harvesting, road construction, silviculture, grazing, recreation, pest control and wildfire suppression. |
Pratiques forestières |
| Fuel plantation |
syn. fuelwood plantation
Setting out young trees to be hogged for burning. |
Plantation énergétique |
| Geographic Information System (GIS) |
An organized collection of computer hardware, software and geographic data designed for capturing, storing, updating, manipulating, analyzing and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. |
Système d'information géographique (SIG) |
| Global Positioning System (GPS) |
A system of satellites and receiving devices used to compute positions on the Earth. |
Système de positionnement global (GPS) |
| Global warming |
The rise in temperature of the Earth's atmosphere due to the greenhouse effect. |
Réchauffement climatique |
| Greenhouse gas source |
Any process or activity (for example, forest fires or conversion of forest land to agricultural or urban uses) that releases greenhouse gases or precursors of those gases into the atmosphere. As trees and forest products decompose or burn, they release carbon in the form of carbon dioxide. |
Source de gaz à effet de serre |
| Group planting |
Setting out young trees in groups. |
Plantation par bouquets |
| Hard snag |
A snag composed primarily of sound wood, generally merchantable. |
Chicot dur |
| Hardwood(s) (broad-leaved trees) |
Trees whose leaves are not persistent and fall off at the end of a defined growing season or during a period of temperature or moisture stress. This is the predominant tree type in deciduous forests. Also refers to the wood produced by these trees. |
Feuillus (arbres à feuilles caduques) |
| Hole planting |
Setting plants in loosened soil replaced in or brought to a dug hole or pit. Roots separated on either side of a wedge or saddle of earth left in situ when the hole was dug is termed saddle planting. |
Plantation sur potets |
| Interplanting |
Planting young trees among existing natural regeneration or previously planted trees of similar age. |
Plantation intercalaire |
| Inventory (forest) |
A survey of a forest area to determine data such as area, condition, timber, volume and species for a specific purpose, such as planning, purchasing, evaluating, managing or harvesting. |
Inventaire forestier |
| L-notch planting |
Special form of slit planting involving two slits at right angles with the seedling placed at the apex of the L. |
plantation avec fentes en L |
| Ladder fuels |
Fuels that provide vertical continuity between the surface fuels and crown fuels in a forest stand, thus contributing to the ease of torching and crowning, for example, tall shrubs, small-sized trees, bark flakes, tree lichens. |
Combustible étagé |
| Landscape |
Areas of land that are distinguished by differences in landforms, vegetation, land use, and aesthetic characteristics. |
Paysage |
| Litter |
Uppermost layer of organic debris on a forest floor. |
Litière |
| Live burning |
The burning of green slash progressively as it is cut. |
Brûlage immédiat |
| Main crop |
In regular crops or stands, that portion of the growing stock retained after an intermediate cutting. |
Peuplement principal |
| Mechanical planting |
Setting out young trees by means of a machine specially designed for this operation. |
Plantation mécanique |
| Merchantable snag |
A snag that is of sufficient quality and/or volume to make it suitable for harvesting. |
Chicot marchand |
| Mixed forest |
Subarea of the northern temperate zone, which is dominated by mixed forests encompassing both coniferous boreal species and more southerly deciduous species. |
Forêt mélangée |
| Mixed stand |
A stand composed of two or more species in which less than 80% of trees in the main crown canopy are of a single species.
The threshold in Manitoba and New Brunswick is 75%.
cf. pure stand |
Mélangé |
| Mixedwoods |
Trees belonging to either of the botanical groups Gymnospermae or Angiospermae that are substantially intermingled in stands. |
Peuplement mixte |
| Mop-up (fire) |
The act of extinguishing a fire after it has been brought under control. |
Extinction (feu) |
| Mound planting |
Setting out young trees on raised microsites. |
Plantation sur butte |
| Natural regeneration |
Renewal of a tree crop by natural seeding, sprouting, suckering, or layering. |
Régénération naturelle |
| Nest planting |
Setting out a number of seedlings or seeds close together in a prepared hole, pit, or spot. |
Plantation en nids |
| Nutrients |
Mineral or organic substances (elements or chemical compounds) that plants and animals require for normal growth and activity. Plants and trees obtain nutrients primarily from the soil by absorbing them through their roots. |
Nutriments |
| Old-growth forest |
An old growth forest differs significantly from younger stands in structure, ecological function and species composition with respect to canopy closure, age class structure, accumulation of woody debris and the presence of species and functional processes that are representative of the potential natural community. |
Forêt anciennne / vieille forêt |
| Opportunity wood |
Potential woody biomass resources available for salvage following natural disturbances—for example, wood damaged by insect pests such as the mountain pine beetle, by disease, or by fire or wind — or forestry activities — for example, small-diameter or other trees left standing. In some cases, harvesting and construction residues are also viewed as opportunity wood.
|
Bois d’occasion |
| Overstorey |
The uppermost continuous layer of a vegetation cover, for example the tree canopy in a forest ecosystem or the uppermost layer of a shrub stand. |
Étage dominant |
| Patch burning |
Burning felling debris, grass, etc. in patches for the purpose of preparing sites for group planting or sowing. |
Brûlage par placettes |
| Pedology |
Scientific discipline that is concerned with all aspects of soils. |
Pédologie |
| Pioneer species |
Species that are the first to colonize a new site or a new ecosystem. They are generally shade intolerant and need a lot of sunlight in order to grow. Poplars and birches are pioneer species. |
Espèce pionnière |
| Pit planting |
Setting out young trees in small depressions, natural or excavated, with a view to collecting and conserving moisture. |
Plantation sur trous |
| Plantation forest |
Forest stands established by planting and/or seeding in the process of afforestation or reforestation which are either of introduced species (all planted stands) or intensively managed stands of indigenous species, which meet all the following criteria: one or two species at plantation, even age class, regular spacing. |
Plantation forestière |
| Plantation forestry |
Application of forestry principles to an artificial crop or stand. |
Foresterie de plantation |
| Planting |
Establishing a forest by setting out seedlings, transplants, or cuttings in an area. |
Plantation |
| Plus stand |
A stand containing a preponderance of good phenotypes, but not necessarily plus trees. |
Peuplement plus |
| Pot planting |
Setting out young trees in pot-shaped receptacles having a closed or only perforated end and made of various materials, in which they have been raised from seed or to which they have been transferred from the seed bed. |
Plantation en pot |
| Prescribed fire |
The knowledgeable application of fire to a specific land area to accomplish predetermined forest management or other land use objectives. |
Feu dirigé |
| Quincunx planting |
Setting out four young trees to form the corners of a square with a fifth tree at its center. |
Plantation en quinconces |
| Regeneration |
Renewal of a forest crop by natural, artificial, or vegetative (regrowth) means. Also the new crop so obtained. The new crop is generally less than 1.3 m high. |
Régénération |
| Resilience |
The capacity of a community or ecosystem to maintain or regain normal function and development following disturbance. |
Résilience |
| Ridge planting |
Setting out young trees on a long, narrow crest of excavated soil, generally on a slice thrown up by a plough. |
Plantation sur bourrelet |
| Rotation burning |
Prescribed burning applied at regular intervals on a specific site as a means of pest control. |
Brûlage cyclique |
| Second growth forest |
The forest growth that has developed (naturally or artificially) following the removal of the original forest. |
Forêt de seconde venue |
| Secondary succession |
Process whereby one stand or plant community supplants another; it is triggered by a major disturbance in a forest ecosystem. |
Successions secondaires |
| Slash |
The residue left on the ground after felling and tending and/or accumulating there as a result of storm, fire, girdling, or treatment with herbicide. It includes unutilized logs, uprooted stumps, broken or uprooted stems. |
Rémanents |
| Slash burning |
Intentional burning of debris resulting from timber harvesting operations, where the fuel has not been piled or windrowed, allowing the fire to spread freely over the entire harvested area. |
Brûlage à plat |
| Slit planting |
Prying open a cut made by a spade, mattock, or planting bar (termed bar planting), inserting a young tree, then closing the cut on the latter by pressure. |
Plantation en fente |
| Smouldering fire |
A fire burning without flame and barely spreading. |
Feu couvant |
| Snag |
A standing dead tree from which the leaves and most of the branches have fallen. |
Chicot |
| Soft snag |
A snag composed primarily of wood in advanced stages of decay and deterioration, particularly in the sapwood portion. |
Chicot pourri |
| Spot planting |
Setting out young trees in small, prepared patches. |
Plantation sur placeaux |
| Stand |
A community of trees possessing sufficient uniformity in composition, age, arrangement, or condition to be distinguishable from the forest or other growth on adjoining areas, thus forming a silvicultural or management entity. |
Peuplement |
| Story |
A horizontal stratum or layer in a plant community; in forests, appearing as one or more canopies.
A forest having more than two stories is called multistoried. A forest having one story (the main story) is called single-storied. |
Étage |
| Strip cropping |
Crop planting in which strips of heavy-rooted plants are alternated with loose-rooted plants which serve as barriers to wind and water erosion. |
Plantation en lisières |
| Strip planting |
Setting trees, generally in two or more parallel lines, in a long narrow area of land that has been wholly or partially cleared. |
Plantation en bandes |
| Structure |
The distribution of trees in a stand or group by age, size, or crown classes (e.g., all-aged, even-aged, uneven-aged, regular, and irregular structures). |
Structure |
| Stub |
The broken or cut base of a branch projecting from a tree stem. |
Chicot |
| Succession |
The gradual supplanting of one community of plants by another, the sequence of communities being termed a sere and each stage seral. |
Succession |
| T-notching |
see slit planting |
Bêchage en T |
| Taungya plantation |
The raising of a forest crop in conjunction with a temporary agricultural crop. |
Plantation en taungya |
| Trench planting |
Setting out young trees in a shallow trench or a continuous slit. |
Plantation en sillon |
| Tube planting |
Setting out young trees in narrow, open-ended cylinders of various materials, in which they have been raised from seed or into which they have been transplanted. |
Plantation de semis en tube |
| Underplanting |
Planting young trees under the canopy of an existing stand. |
Plantation en sous-étage |
| Understorey |
The lower level of vegetation in a forest. Usually formed by ground vegetation (mosses, herbs and lichens), herbs and shrubs. |
Sous-étage |
| Uneven-aged |
Of a forest, stand, or forest type in which intermingling trees differ markedly in age. The differences in age permitted in an uneven-aged stand are usually greater than 10-20 years. |
Inéquienne |
| Vertical structure |
The structure formed by different layers of vegetation in a forest. |
Structure verticale |
| Volunteer growth |
Natural regeneration following site preparation and seeding or planting that could either supplement or completely obscure the trees being planted or seeded on the area. |
Régénération subséquente |
| Wildland-urban interface |
The wildland-urban interface broadly refers to the area where forests meet houses and infrastructure that is part of communities. |
Surface limite entre les terres non défrichées et les zones urbaines |
| Wilt |
Drying out, loss of colour and shape of leaves, then twigs and branches, caused by a lack of water or the presence of toxins. |
Flétrissement |
| Windfall |
1. A tree or trees thrown down or with their stems broken off or other parts blown down by the wind.
2. Any area on which the trees have been thrown down or broken by the wind. |
Chablis |
| Windrow planting |
Planting between the two lanes created in windrowing. |
Plantation sur entrandain |
| Woody debris |
Dead and decomposing wood of various sizes. |
Débris ligneux |